Culture in the U.S. is described as individualistic, whereas it is described as collectivistic in China. Psychologist Geert Hofstede defines individualism as โa preference for a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families.โ He defines collectivism, its opposite, as โa preference for a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.โ1
The U.S. ranks first in individualism among 88 countries, whereas China ranks 65th โ closer to the collectivistic end.
The collectivistic culture of China includes โfilial loyalty,โ a cultural contract built on the premise that parents do everything to care for their children and then end their lives in their childrenโs care. Where filial loyalty is strong, no Social Security system or nursing homes are needed.
Reverence for elderly parents is indeed prominent in China. โWhen my parents see something that they like but canโt bear to buy, I can see it in their eyes when they put it down after picking it up,โ said Jihong, a 55-year-old Chinese woman quoted in my recent book, โA Wealth of Well-Being.โ2 They decline Jihongโs offer to buy it for them, but she buys it secretly and when her parents see it, โThat happiness on their faces makes me feel that no matter how much I spend, being able to grow old with them is truly happiness for me.โ
Thereโs More Filial Loyalty in the U.S. Than You Might Expect
The individualistic culture of the U.S. is reflected in the words of Jeffrey, a 60-year-old American man. He and his wife are not expecting any inheritance from their parents, and their children know that they cannot expect much of an inheritance from their parents. โIf they are working and still living with us, we expect some kind of rent to help out with expenses.โ
Yet filial loyalty is practiced in the U.S. more than preached, evident in the prevalence of the โsandwich generationโ of parents stressed financially and emotionally as they care for both young children and elderly parents.3 Cash transfers from adult children to elderly parents in the U.S. understate the total support the young provide to the old because much of that support is in-kind, such as in caring for elderly parents in their own homes or in their childrenโs homes.4
A survey of American caregivers highlighted some of their sacrifices: 25% dipped into their retirement savings, 41% dipped into their personal savings, 25% spent 40 hours per week caregiving, and 45% of those who had outside jobs used some or all their vacation time for caregiving. Caregivers have also sacrificed leisure activities and time with friends and family.5 Having elderly dependents decreases the probability of stockholdings and college savings by twice as much as poor personal health.6
Caregiving Takes a Toll
Becoming a burden on their families is one of the biggest fears of seven in 10 elderly. Yet more than eight in 10 elderly plan to rely on family for care, most often by spouses or children. Tanya Brice, a 43-year-old single mother, cares for her medically fragile mother, her twin toddlers (one of whom has autism and an intellectual disability), and a teenage son. Her budget, consisting of a social workerโs salary, and her schedule are at a breaking point. Brice manages to pay for rent, utilities and food, but cable, extracurricular activities and everything else, are beyond her means. Indeed, sometimes even food is lacking.7
The financial and career stress of caring for both children and parents can weigh heavily on relationships. Amanda Mayo, a 40-year-old mother of 3-year-old and 6-year-old children, also cares for her in-laws, who live with her and her husband. She also makes frequent trips out of state to care for her grandparents. โIโll be honest, it almost broke our marriage,โ she said. Mayo and her husband worry about their future, with no safety net and no parents to bail them out.
Yet caring for elderly parents can bring rewards. A man wrote: โChoosing to care for my mom for 25 years influenced every job I took and had a negative effect on my career.โ He spent very little on himself and all his extra earnings went toward his motherโs living expenses and care. โI sacrificed my personal life and general happiness in order to do this. I would do it again, too. It was the right thing to do.โ
Providing Care Without Overstepping Boundaries
Help from adult children to elderly parents can bring them together, yet conflicts often accompany help. Elderly parents hope their adult children will help if needed, and they appreciate their childrenโs concerns, but they also want autonomy and can grow annoyed by their childrenโs overprotectiveness.8
Elderly parents use a range of strategies to deal with their ambivalent feelings, including being stubborn, minimizing the help they receive, ignoring or resisting childrenโs attempts to control them, maintaining clear boundaries by withholding information from children and seeking others as confidants.
A 75-year-old man admitted that adult children might be right. It is hard to adjust to old age, he said, but adjustment is necessary. โSo why not try to be positive about it.โ Now, when his 50-year-old daughters disagree with him, he remembers that they might be right, and he might be wrong. โI installed a grab bar in our shower. โฆ I got rid of the old gun in the house.โ
Older parents need transportation, but many are reluctant to use ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft. A reader offered an example of that reluctance in her experience as a caretaker of both her mother and grandmother, neither of whom can drive. โI am burned out completely after two years of being their driver,โ she wrote. โThey refuse to try a ride-hailing service though my mom is an avid iPhone user. Socially and emotionally, they would be better knowing they don’t need to be housebound. I give up.โ
Another found a way to teach his stepfather how to use a ride-hailing service. His stepfather looked at him like he had grown a second head when he first suggested Uber. โBut I took him to dinner a few times โฆ and then downloaded the app on his phone. The next couple of times we went out, I had him order it up. Now he can order one when he wants or deems necessary.โ
Respecting the Loyalty of Caregivers
While feelings of filial loyalty vary among cultures and individuals, many do feel a strong obligation to their elderly parents. We can better serve those in our professional and social circles by being aware and respectful of the duty others may feel toward their parents and understanding the potential impacts that can have on their financial and broader life well-being.
Endnotes
1. MediaCom and the Hofstede Center, โA Background to Hofstedeโs Cultural Dimensions,โ April 4, 2017.
2. Meir Statman, A Wealth of Well-Being: A Holistic Approach to Behavioral Finance (Hoboken, New Jersey, Wiley, 2024).
3. Jessica Grose, โโItโs Pretty Brutalโ: The Sandwich Generation Pays a Price,โ New York Times, February 18, 2020.
4. Sudipto Banerjee, โIntra-Family Cash Transfers in Older American Households,โ EBRI Issue Brief, no. 415 (June 2015). Available at SSRN.
5. Richard Eisenberg, โParentsโ Support to Adult Kids: A Stunning $500 Billion a Year,โ Next Avenue, October 2, 2018.
6. Vicki L. Bogan, โHousehold Asset Allocation, Offspring Education, and the Sandwich Generationโ (October 2014). Available at SSRN.
7. Aidan Gardiner, โโI Put My Own Life on Holdโ: The Pain and Joy of Caring for Parents,โ New York Times, September 5, 2019.
8. Glenna Spitze and Mary P. Gallant, โโThe Bitter with the Sweetโ: Older Adultsโ Strategies for Handling Ambivalence in Relations with Their Adult Children,โ Research on Aging 26, no. 4 (2004): 387โ412.
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